History of Graphic Design..................Day 12

Post Modernism
     -Used to note a break with the earlier modernist principles by placing emphasis on form over
     function, by reintroducing traditional or classical elements or by carrying modernist styles or practices
     to extremes.

     -Not just the counter to Modernism.
     -Seen in Art, Design, Literature, and Architecture
     -Emphasis on feel rather than rationale
     -Emphasis on surface, texture and materials
     -Self-consciousness or self-referencing
     -Mixes high and low
     -Historical references
     -Vernacular

Wolfgang Weingart
     -one of our pioneers
     -pushed modern/international design before computers
     -teacher in Basel School of Design
     -experimenting with letter spacing in san serif type
     -stair stepping rules
     -diagonal type
     -reversing type out of bars
     -using variations in a single word

April Grimen

     -function isn't as important as style during this time.

Malcolm Maclarin

Charles Anderson

Peter Savil
     -Design director

Vahn Oliver
     -designed for 4AD records

Emigre Magazine

Cranbrook
     -Ed Phelep
          -expressional typography
          -Raygun
          -Beach Culture
     -David Carson
     -Sagmeister
     -Chip Kid
          -the Learners
          -Cheesewhip
  

Today in class we started off with a film about Post Modernism. We see how Post Modernism really effected the architecture of buildings by making them very graphic like and colorful and fun. But it seems that because business' wanted building fast and quick they began not developing so many building that were fun. This was POMO which caused architectures and designers to settle on cliche building designs for quick execution. A film that captured Post Modernism well was Blade Runner because of it's beautiful architecture and style with the mixture of audio and film style.

What do I think about this Modern Post Modernism condition?
I feel that the Modernism era was great but I think it is something that is too serious. I feel that with any art form we should be able to do anything we please. It is something that we enjoy doing and we should be doing it for that reason. Post Modernism seems to be more free and open to the thoughts and ideas of all artists and designers. Though we all work in a field where we are trying to sell an idea to a client there is no reason why we can't create something that we like to do and please the customer at the same time.

History of Graphic Design..............Day 11

Semiotics
     -The philosophical theory of signs and symbols - what things mean in relationship to other things.

     -Syntactics - order
     -Semantics - meaning or referred to
     -Pragmatics - how it is used

Adrian Frutiger
     -creates Univers font family

Arman Hoffman
     -lives in Switzerland
     -helps found
     -goes to a philosophy with line and plane,
     -if you design the negative space everything else will work
  
Joseph Muller Brockmann
     -died in 1996
     -looking for universal graphic expression

     -used the same mathematical study for all of his grids

     -if you discover the problem the solution is there

Swiss Modernism vs. New York Modernism
     -New York
          -pragmatic
          -capitalists

     -Swiss
          -Theoretical

-Paul Rand
     -understood the ideas of modernism
     -Brooklyn kid
     -used a lot of simple imagery
     -hand done, cut paper
     -casual work
     -collage, assemblage

-Saul Bass
     -hand done
     -cut out
     -Man with the Golden Arm film title sequence 1950

-Ivan Chermayeff
     -CD covers, he did a lot of them
     -nuances of found art
     -did posters for the Guggenheim and Vagina Monologues


Today we went over a little more with the Bauhaus and then went into how it effected the U.S. I really see how the Bauhaus effected American design with designers such as Paul Rand and Saul Bass. They both really captured modernism and brought Swiss design to American in their own interpretation of how they would present design to the world. Saul Bass is really someone that I will keep in mind because of my Motion Design majoring. He did some great and simple title sequences that really showed off his sense of graphic design. Definitely a man who's work I will be looking at for reference.  
  

History of Graphic Design...........Day 10

Review on Bauhaus
     -Utopian desire to create a new spiritual society.

     -Unity of Artists & Craftsmen to build for the future.

     -Ideas from all of the Advanced Art & Design Movements were explored and applied to functional
      design.

Maholy Nagy (the Hungarian)
     -typophoto
     -photogram
     -photoplastiques

     -Universal typeface had no capitals, but was hard to read because it didn't have visual clues of where
      sentences begin.

We watched a film about the Bauhaus coming to America. It was definitely something major. Mies van du Rohe came to America and went to Chicago. He fell in love with the architecture and the way the skyscrapers were in places like New York City and Chicago. But after the Chicago fire it gave way for designers like van du Rohe and Groupius.

Jan Tschichold
     -hand lettered advertisement
     -son of a designer and painter
     -studied calligraphy as a child
     -he is only 21 years old when he sees the first Bauhaus exhibition.
     -by 1924 Tschichold writes a pamphlet about typography and printing.
     -by 1925 he writes a book about elementary typography.
     -by 1928 he publishes the book Typography.
     -he wanted to assert the new asymmetrical typography.
     -the aim of typographic work is to translate in the shortest and most efficient way.
     -there's is a mathematical grid system that he uses.
     -arrested when Nazis come into power for creating "un-German like typography."
     -he and his family moves to Switzerland when released.
     -did covers for Penguin books.

Herbert Matter
     -Swiss born and later moved to America
     -Pioneered photomontage
     -very clear and efficient typography
     -he developed a basic vocabulary to make a collection of directional books
     -did a lot of work for Knoll and Herman Miller

Adison Dewiggins
     -used san serifs
     -negative space
     -generous realty

Lester Biehl
     -Pioneers in Peoria
     -san serif typography and old wood typography as a contrasting element.
     -likes arrows
     -Rural Electrification Administration
     -limited palette
     -slab serif type faces
     -montages

-works created by the WPA are public domain.
-corporations begin playing a big role in design.

Iadislav Sutner
     -abstraction
     -figure and ground plays
     -positive and negative space

International Style
     -modern ideas start to take form
     -fine art, product design, architecture, graphic design, typographic design.
     -international style is ruined by corporation
     -from the 60's to the 80's you didn't see Helvetica

In today's class we reviewed a lot about the Bauhaus and how after it's downfall how it effected the rest of the world. The Bauhaus soon came over to the U.S. with Groupius and van du Rohe. I still feel the the Bauhaus has made a really special place in my heart because it is such an inspirational time and group. Groupius and van du Rohe made such an impact in America as soon as they came here so it shows how innovative they were and how their ideas were spread to the U.S. Another day of fun and inspiration all rapped up into some lecture, movies, and laughter. Until next week.

History of Graphic Design........Day 9

What I think I know about The Bauhaus

     -The Bauhaus is a group of designers in Germany that are very skilled in graphic arts. They used very
      rectilinear forms and curvilinear figures. They also used asymmetry in a lot of their works based on  
      squares and circles.


Bauhaus
     1919-1925 Weimar
          1923 First Public Exhibition
          1924 Letter of resignation
     1925-1932 Dessau
          1928 Groupius replaced by Meyer
          1930 Meyer replaced by van der Rohe
     1932-1933 Berlin

Bauhaus: Broken Wings
     -this film is based on the final days of the Bauhaus

Walter Groupius
     -first director of the Bauhaus
     -from 1919-1928
     -he thought that the Bauhaus showed go back to the old days
     -it was an institution people really learned from and were inspired by
     -going on during De Stejl

Council of Masters
     -Gerhard Marks: Sculpture / Pottery Shop
     -Lyonel Feringer: Painting
     -Johannes Itten: Foundation / CORE Studies
    
Thoughts for Bauhaus
     -Itten wanted to bring out each students individual talent and creative skill
     -physical understanding of materials
     -underlined all of the visual arts
     -Bauhaus is a growing entity
     -1923 is first public exhibition of Bauhaus

Lazlo Moholy-Nayj
     -scientologist
     -does a lot of
     -Hungarian Constructivist
     -uses photography for design

Typophoto
     -letterform mixed with photography and graphic design

Photoplastic

Back to Bauhaus Timeline
     -due to issues with the city the Bauhaus moved from Weimar to Dessau
     -in Dessau students were designing for industry
     -they did away with serifs
     -experimented with contrast and hierarchy
     -used bars, lines, and type for exploration
     -experimented with flushing to the left and raging to the right

Today in class we really got into the Bauhaus. We saw the development how the Bauhaus rose and fell. I find it really disappointing that the Bauhaus only lasted for 14 years because it is really one of my favorite periods. In a way, we are learning the Bauhaus way because we are learning the fundamentals of art before we go into our majors just like the Bauhaus. We also watched a movie that shows the end of the Bauhaus and a movie on the Bauhaus' brief  history. Definitely a great class day!!!!!

History of Graphic Design............Day 8

Today seems like a pretty short day. We are going to be finishing up learning about Russian designers and the Avant Garde then next week we have our second quiz.

-Lazzitski
     -USSR Poster
          -more constructivist
          -it has functionality
          -it has a purpose for being made

-Eisenstein
     -Battleship Potemkin
     -this film shows a development in montages in cinema
     -experimentation of scene cutting

-Alexander Rodchanko
     -born in 1891
     -goes to art school 1910-1914
     -shows paintings in 5x5 show in Moscow
          -pure red painting
          -pure yellow painting
          -pure blue painting
     -1932 Stalin was in power and abolished the art world in Russia during his rule as Zhar

-De Stijl (The Style)
     -movement that was developed in the Netherlands
     -it established a utopian version of esthetic
     -based around functionality
     -Characteristics
          -rectilinear planes
          -no surface textures/pure hue
          -universal history in art

-Piet Mondrian
     -most famous De Stijl member

-Theo Van Doesburg
     -leader, founder, and developer of De Stijl
     -asymmetrical compositions were coming into play with some of Doesburg's work
     -brings modernism into modernist work

So today was a pretty short day. I can definitely see how graphic design is developing through our learning. We saw some of Lazzitski's and other designers student work which was very similar to some of the work we have been doing in school now. This is definitely proof that we also have the potential to become just as great and innovative designers as they were. We went into understanding De Stijl which I feel is a lot of what I have been into doing lately, asymmetrical design. The more and we talk and learn in this class I see that we are definitely seeing a connection from then to now.  

History of Graphic Design............Day 7

William Morris 1834-1896
     -1860's-1920's Arts & Crafts Movement
     -Ally graphic posters are more illustrative while Axes posters were more intelligent and graphic.

Hovine
     -more figure ground play in some of his works
     -always puts stamp on his works.
     -Hitler writes Mein Compf in prison.
     -Hitler thought the posters of world war II were wrong minded and should appeal to the lowest
      common denominator.
     -very graphic style.
  
Edward Kauffer
     -Cubism is used as a design element in Kauffer's work.

A.M. Casander (Moron)
     -very linear and cubic shapes.
     -textured and very well relates between figure and typography.

Suprematists want a pure new way to express art.
Russian Avant Garde
     -cubofuturism
     -suprematism
     -constructivism
  
Cubofuturism
     -things that are cut out and made of more cut and paste style.
     -they kind of used what they can get their hands on to create design.

Suprematism
     -eliminates pictorial representation
     -painting should be on a purely spiritual level.
     -purely colors and simple shapes.
     -1918 simple things such as an asymmetrical white square on an off white background.

Constructivism
     -the only meaningful art has function and that, that has function, is art.
     -Vladamere Tatiln
     -Rodchenko
     -Lissitzky- painter, designer, photographer, etc.
     -they renounce art for arts sake.
     -art should supply for the new communist party.
     -Kandinsky is very abstract painter.
     -El Lissitzky is more suprematist.
     -PROUN
     -building and architecture become very big during the time of the Bauhaus.
     -Beat The Whites With The Red Wedge 1919.
     -constructs a world of objects and structures society with an idea.
     -page structure and grid come into play with book production.
     -usefulness of sans serif type, useful whitespace, and structure.

Today in class we discussed a lot about different -isms and how they were very different and similar to each other. Mainly I think they were all different from each other. Cubofuturism was very angular and graphic which brought something new to the table of graphic design. Suprematism was very, very different in the since that it was almost minimalist with the since of only using color and shape to create a piece of artwork. Then we come to Constructivism where all of the spiritual levels from Suprematism was pretty much erased. We begin to see massive amounts of detail and we begin to use the since of that we should only create something that as utilitarian usage in the world. I think in the this new -ism we lose the since of what is truly art. Art is what we want it to be and by making what we want as art to only be something useful makes art lose its fun and originality.

How would I do good art for the proletariat? I think I would make art that was very simple to understand. I would want my work to be a graphically correct as possible but I think I wouldn't go so overboard with my work to the point that people don't understand what I'm trying to tell them.

History of Graphic Design...........Day 6

Vienna Workshops
     -Joseph Hoffman and Calaman Mocher began the Vienna Succession.
     -They wanted to make things that are useful.
     -Their strength will rely on craft and materials.
     -Things in houses such as furniture were thought to be designed and not just made.
     -They begin to develop esthetic. Ex. Joseph Hoffman's work.

Peter Behrins
     -Clear legible. One of the first times we use Sans Serif type in running type.
     -Created the first comprehensive identity defining program.
     -Mies Vanderrohe - last director of the Bauhaus.
     -Walter Gropious - first director of the Bauhaus.
     -Title and dedication pages same structure and order.
     -Rectilinear shape and circtilinear objects.
     -becomes the director for the Dusseldorf School and became very interested in the foundation classes.
     -In 1903 he begins to think of school structure.
     -Walter begins to learn that he can make grids using circles and squares.
     -Peter Behrins in 1906 designs his exhibition hall out of grid system.
     -AEG is like the German Electric Company.
     -Behrins creates a logo for AEG and bases it on a honeycomb and creates his own typeface for the
      logo.
     -1809 is first underground railroad system in London.
     -1914 WW1 Begins, AIGA Founded
     -1917, Russian Revolution, James Flag Designs "I Want You" poster, Julius Klinger's 8th Bond
      Drive
     -1918 Czar assassinated, WW1 Ends
     -1919 Bauhaus Opens

Lucian Bernard
     -entered a poster for Priester matches.
     -Plaketstil style posters became a big movement after winning his competition.
     -Reductive style, more simplified
     -Communication becomes simplified.
     -abstract yet complex
     -propaganda posters

Movie Time!!!!

Today was a pretty easy day in History of GIC. We started off talking about Vienna work and the Vienna Succession. Vienna is referring to Austria....not Italy. I really like the fact that the men apart of the Vienna Succession used design for household items and furniture. This is a way we can kind of realize why furniture we have now looks more elegant and well designed than in the past. We then talked about Peter Behrins and his sense of design. He, like the students at GlasGow School, had a very specific style. He had rectilinear structure with circtilinear objects. He soon developed using grid systems to create his designs. I know Dorian loved this because he always tells us about using grids to create a strong structure for our designs. We then went on to talk about propaganda posters during WW1 in Germany compared to the U.S. and other ally countries. Then we went on to watch a film that was all about relating the history of the world compared to Graphic Design History. It was really interesting to see all of the relations of those time periods.

HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN.........DAY 5

Rudolf Coths
     -Rudolf Coths became interested in book arts.
     -In his type designs he showed an example of that.
     -He designed that the typeface Newland to represent the pinicle of German Typography.
     -He designed gothic faces and remained popular in Germany until modern day.
     -Newland is mostly used for African and Caribbean refrences.

-Art Neuvou
     -Arts and Crafts lead to Art Neuvou.
     -Jules Cheret was the father of the printed photo.
     -Images usually have a central female figure with a scene around her and typography on the outside
      of the image.
     -Latrec is similar to this style with Moulin Rouge posters.
  
-Eugene Grasset was the rival of Jules Cheret.
     -Eugene used more of a wood block printing style; a more coloring book feeling.
     -Reductive styles are more abstract.
  
-Arthur Mackmurdo
     -used more sensual lines.
     -inspiration from architecture
     -The Century Guild had a magazine called the Hobby Horse where they would share design and art
      ideas. To have a philosophy and spread it.
     -Organic forms begin to be more abundant.
     -Aubrey Beardsley appeared in The Studio magazine.
     -The bad boy of Art Neuvoe.
     -He became famous at the age of 20.
     -Darker colors, very sexual with nymphs.
     -Morris wanted to take legal action when he saw Beardsley's work.
     -Yellow Book was a magazine for the new and the outrageous.
     -Beardsley's work became more naturalistic as he grew older.
  
-Alfance Mucha
     -Born in Czechslovachia.
     -Goes to Paris in 1927.
     -Gets a job at a printshop in Paris.
     -Posters were made for Sarah Burnheart's performance in Joan of Arc.
     -A lot of texture, volume yet flat, colorful but flat skin on people.
     -stylized reductive, plants and flowers, elements of folk art, Byzantine tiles, and elements of magic
      and colt.
     -tendrils of hair
     -lines running together is very sensual.
  
-Emanuele Orazi
     -Mucha and Grasset combined.
     -GE logo was created during this time.
     -Harper's Magazine begins to hire European designers and artists.

-Louis Rhead
     -Goes for Grasset's style.
     -flat female figure, bright color

-Bradley
     -inspired by William Morris, then Aubrey Beardsley.  
     -Bradley publishes his book as a art reference book.
     -established the wayside press.

-Penflied
     -well articulated illustrations, not great typography.
     -Henri vander Velt brings Japanese prints and art neuvou together.
     -Jugendstil is German art neuvou translates to "youth style."
     -Peter Beherns
     -Art Neuvou is fun, lively, sexual, and spiritual.
     -The influence of asian design was a big part of this movement by making things more flat.

-The 4
     -Margret and Francis MacDonald
     -Herbert McNair
     -Charles Renea Macintosh
     -Characteristics of GlasGow School
            -geometric
            -curvilinear elements
            -rectilinear structures
            -use of floral
            -symbolism
            -abstract
     -1886 book plate by Margret MacDonald
     -symbolic imagery

-Charles Renea Macintosh was the number 1 of the 4
     -He created interior spaces and design work.

-Talwin Morris
     -Lets the common English public know of GlasGow School.
     -He becomes aware of the work of the 4.

-In Austria comes the Vienna Secession.
     -Gustav Klimt
     -Koloman Moser
     -Joseph Holfman
            -very psychological and intellectual

-1898 Poster made for Vienna Secession
     -large use of white
     -censored

-1899 5th Poster for Vienna Secession
     -Mucha Style

-Ver Sacrum (Sacred Spring)
     -Alfred Roller made first two covers.
     -Last was by Moser

-Head piece by Holfman

-In the Secession they weren't worried about legibility.
-Frommes Calender
     -Mucha inspired hair

     Today in History we learned a lot about Art Neuvou which I am very intrigued with. This, I feel is another time period in which so many different ideas were coming forth. My favorite topic today was the designers from GlasGow School called the 4. Their designs were very unique and different for the time period. I really would like to try their style in future projects. This was definitely a good day in History.

History of Graphic Design................Day 4

-The arts and crafts movement comes after the Industrial Revolution.

-John Ruskin in the philosophical leader to figure out how to structure society after the Industrial Revolution.

-The Union of Art and Labor
-your work should be in service of the society.
-artisans and craftsmen come together to create the Gothic Cathedral.

Ruskinism

-William Morris is very well known for his pattern design.

*The wood plates he used are still being pressed today.

-How can art and craft combined to make beautiful work.
-There is a huge flaw in this logic.....hand made is more expensive.
-Morris gains an interest in book arts.
-He creates a font called Golden an Oldstyle typeface.
-He does this to go back to the origins of printing.
-Illustrations by Walter Crane.
-William Morris fonts he created:
-Troy / Blackletter
-smaller troy / Chaucer
-He creates a font called Golden / Oldstyle.

-William Morris 1834 - 1896
-1891 Kelmscott Press
-1860's - 1920's Arts and Crafts Movement

Bruce Rogers
-Roycrofters / Roycroft Books
-expensive
-pragmatic business
-affordable work

What a wonderful day in History of Graphic Design. We finished watching a video on William Morris and went on to discuss some stuff about Roycrofters and their amazing books. I really think these books are pretty amazing and now that I know that they are a historical kind of design for books I'm a little intrigued. We then took advantage of the day by reviewing what we've learned the past couple of classes for our exciting test on this following class.....EXCITING!!!!!!! We went over the origins of type and how it developed from the Romans all the way to William Morris, who was a big over achiever by the way with his hand-made wood prints of extremely intricate designs. We then looked at the practice test and some helpful ways to study for this test. Really helpful ways to remember things so thanks Dorian!! Well that was that day in History of Graphic Design. I'm so ready for this test. 

History of Graphic Design.................Day 3

- Industrialization has a downside.
- Not everyone benefitted from Industrialization.

The Growth of Printing
     - The first iron printing press was made by Earl Stanhope, in 1800.
     - Fredrerich Koenig, first double cylinder steam powered press from 1814.
     - Ned Ludd was against technology. Luddites are people who don't understand technology and don't
       want to
     - People and companies who had to print printed in secret because they were scare of people destroying
       technological advances.
     - To make money, newspapers started selling ads to be in their papers.
     - 1814 - John Hooper became the first AD Man.
     - Ottmar Mergenthalier pefected his linotype machine in 1886.
     - One guy on a linotype machine could do the same amount of work as 7 compositors.

- I feel that technology in printing and type grew in such a short amount of time. It began to develop in a strong way in this short time period so much that we are beginning to see a tie in today's design. I feel that at this point we are seeing connections and understandings in what we are doing in our studio classes compared to what people like Ottmar Mergenthalier and Fredrerich Koenig have done.


Victorian Erographics
     - marked by their esthetic confusion
     - Queen Victoria ruled around the same time the Civil War was going on.

Victorians
     - very religious
     - loved fussiness
     - loved stuff
     - strong moral beliefs
     - middle class comes from Industrial and Victorian period due to the fact that people were getting
       money and just spending it on things.

     - During this time period things were being made by the masses, but there was a decline in quality
       of craft.
     - The title page from Pencil of Nature by William Henry Fox Talbot, 1844, is a prime example of
       Victorian by the mixture of styles and techniques that have no esthetic.

-The Victorian period is really not something that I like. I appreciate it because it's sort of something you can look at and say, "DON'T DO THIS!!!" In a way it's good to have something that you can look at and know not to have that style. The esthetic was not there. There was no connection in what style they wanted like they things they bought in that time period.

Lithography
     - Hoe printing press was created in 1870.
     - Stone printing in 1776.
     - Image is drawn directly on the stone when using stone printing.
     - Gradations and realistic color schemes were possible with stone printing.

Chromalithography (color lithography)
     - Chromalithography began in Boston for America.
     - Ephemera - printed things that aren't meant to be collected.
     - L. Prang & Company and others, c.1880's - early 1900's
     - L. Prang is considered as the father of scrapping which is a tone of images thrown together.

Victorian Style
     - Idealized images of children
     - Pattern
     - Exotic animal
     - Tromploi
     - Graphics that show entertainment
     - Idea of Father Christmas

     - Schumacher & Ettlinger, lithographic covers and pages from Our Navy premium booklet were all
       in color.
     - Some event posters left a space for where and when an event would be.

Packaging
     - Chromalithography made it possible to print on metal containers as you would put a decal on a
       model car.
     - Quaker Oats developed during this time period.
     - Personalities for companies became more common during this time.

Magazines
     - Letterpress, 1866 - aloud illusion of depth
     - Mixed, 1856
     - 8.5 x 11' wood cut, 1856

     -Victorian era introduced toy books (children books)

Illustrator's for Children's Books
     - Walter
     - Randolph Caldecott
     - Kate Greenaway

Thomas Nast
     - gave us Uncle Sam, modern day Santa Claus, Columbia (not the country), Democrat Donkey, and
       Republican Elephant.
     -responsible for the downfall of William "Boss" Tweed.

- I think Thomas Nast shows how powerful we as designers can be. He took someone who was considered a very powerful man and brought him down. This is someone I can see giving me inspiration to make some very powerful and awe-inspiring pieces.

History of Graphic Design..........DAY 2

Review
     -The Caves of Lascaux were the beginning of imagery.
     -Storytelling was a strong way of bring ideas to others before writing.
     -Cuneiform tablets were some of the first ways of writing.
     -The romans took Greecian ideas and refined them.
     -The Roman alphabet is the forerunner for today's alphabet.
     -Rustic and Capital Quadrada were some of the first types used.
     -When the Roman Empire fell Kells were left to fend for themselves and make their own writing
       style.
     -The Book of Kells was an example of Gothic Script.
     -Parchment soon came into play and was created by shaving sheep skin until it was thin enough.
     -Paper was made with a screen and shavings and water.

-I feel that even the imagery on such pieces as the Caves of Lascaux were impacters on how we create type now. Even though we don't use images, the types we use are just like those images in the since that we are telling a story or sending a message using these types.

Evolution of Roman Letters
     -1465 - Type took on a humanistic style of Italian scribes.
     -1476 - Calendarium - Calculated solar and lunar cycle.
     -Steven Daye brought printing to the Colonies in 1639.
     -Gutenberg and Steven Daye were very similar by being two normal guys who brought printing to
       their societies.

-Gutenberg and Steven Daye I feel can be agreat influence on us. Two ordinary men who knew nothing about type became two of the people we need to thank for developing this art that we use today.

Rococo / French Revolution
     -During the French Revolution letters were to be drawn by scientific principles a square divided into a
       grid of 64 units each of them was divided into 36 units for a total of 2304 units.
     -Philippe Grandjean made a Specimen of Romaine du Roi in 1702.
     -Pierre Simon Fournier Le Jeune, who lived during the Rococo period, created Manuel
       Typographique, 1764 & 1768.
     -Dies before the French Revolution.
     -Rococo is the time period in which fanciful French interior design was a major deal.
     -Copperplate engraving explodes during the French Revolution. It aloud contrasts between thick and
       thins in type.
     -Influences design of metal type.
     -Giambattista Bodoni was greatly influenced by Fournier.
     -Bodoni is a mechanical type face with a limited number of similar units. The Neoclassical style was
       simplified and showed strong contrasts between thicks and thins.

-With the French Revolution ending and the Industrial Revolution beginning I find it crazy that not only interior design, but even type and printing developed so quickly over a short period of time.

Industrial Revolution
     -Fatface (Display) type faces become popular.
     -These type faces were used to catch peoples attention.
     -Because these Fatfaces were so large people began to make wood type.
     -Manufacturing replaces hand made works.
     -Agriculture becomes Industrial.

     -The Industrial Revolution brought with is consumerism, possession, greed, the rise of the middle
       class, lose of human value, and growing literacy and schools.
     -In 1815 Vincent Figgins showed Two Line Picas, Antique which we now call Egyptian.
     -Egyptian typefaces have even weight between stroke and serif. (These were also called slab serifs)
     -Then came the Two Line Egyptian; the Sans Serif.
     -And after that came Tuskin Letters; Display / Ornamental Serifs.

Router
     -Because of the Router we were able to create knocked out type, shadowed type, etc.
     -Poster houses began to pop up.
     -Wood and metal type were being used in the same piece.

     -Lythography - draw or write on stone.

     -To hang posters back then you needed approval from the authorities. 

-Now I feel that we are beginning to see a development into the typefaces we use today. With the development of Display faces, Sans Serifs, and the perfecting of Serif faces we are beginning to see a direct relation between the past and the present.

History of Graphic Design........DAY 1

The first forms of typography
     -Capitalist Quadrada (square capitals).
     -Rustic Capitals.

Charlamagne
     -Alquin of York cleaned up Charlamagne's writing.

Evolution of block tablets
     -xylography- wood block prinitng.
     -paper had to be made for this.

     -A manual on the art of dying was created with xylography.
     -Later developed with color.

     -Letters so began to have qualities of caligraphy.

4 things needed in order to make books
     1) There must be a growing middle class
     2) Students in a university system
     3) Increased literacy
     4) Demand

-A book was the value of a small farm or vineyard.

Gutenberg
     -Gutenberg gets credit for creating the printing press.
     -Gutenberg used Blackletter / Textura fonts.
     -Gutenberg's Bible was printed in the mid 1400's (1450-1455).
     -1450- Gutenberg takes out a loan to make a bible.
     -Gutenberg partners with Fust.

     -Ligature- two characters made to work as one.
     -Incunabula- the infancy of printing (first fifty years)
     -Fleurons- decorative printing elements